∂v/∂t + (v ⋅ ∇)v = -(1/ρ)∇p + ν∇²v + f
∇ ⋅ v = 0
∇ × v = ω
v = (vr, vθ, vz), ∇ = (∂/∂r, 1/r ∂/∂θ, ∂/∂z)
E = ∫ P(t) dt, P(t) = I ⋅ A
Δt = λ/c, Epulse = P/f
Γ = ∮C v ⋅ dl
Re = ρuL/μ
p(t) = β(dT/dt), β = 1/(ρc²)
J = -D∇c, D = kB T / (6πηr)
cos(θ_c) = φ_s cos(θ_y) + φ_l - 1
D = kB T / (6πηr)
ΔE = mc²
S = kB ln Ω
ΔL = αL₀ΔT
PV = nRT